begin mathsize 48px style S equals K subscript B ln W end style

S=Entropy ; K= Bolzmann's Constant ; W = Number of microsates

begin mathsize 36px style A equals log open parentheses I subscript o over I close parentheses space end style

A = Absorbance ; Io = Intensity of the incident radiation ; I = Intensity of the transmitted radiation  

begin mathsize 36px style E subscript j equals fraction numerator h squared over denominator 8 straight pi squared straight I end fraction J left parenthesis J plus 1 right parenthesis end style

Ej = Rotational energy Level; I= Moment of Inertia; J= Rotational quantum number ; h = Plank's constant 

begin mathsize 48px style A equals epsilon c l end style

A = Absorbance ; ε = Molar absorption coefficient , Molar absorptivity  or Molar extinction coefficient c = Concentration ; l  = Path Length

begin mathsize 48px style log open parentheses T close parentheses space equals space epsilon c l end style

T= Transmittance ; ε = Molar Absorption Coefficient ; c = Concentration ; l = Path Length

begin mathsize 36px style x equals e to the power of negative fraction numerator B. h. c. J left parenthesis J plus 1 right parenthesis over denominator K subscript B T end fraction end exponent space semicolon space space bevelled N subscript j over N subscript 0 equals x space end style

 NJ = Number of molecule in J state ; N0 = Number of molecule in the ground state ( J= 0 ) ; K=Bolzmann Constant ; T = Temperature ; B = Rotational Constant; h = Plank Constant ; x=Relative Population; c = Velocity of light ; J = Rotational Quantum Number 

begin mathsize 48px style K subscript b. M space equals space T subscript b space minus space T subscript 0 end style

K=  Boiling Point Elevation Coefficient ; M = Molarity of the solution (when solute is added) ;

T0 = Boiling Point of the pure solvent; T= Boiling Point of the solution

begin mathsize 36px style K subscript b equals space fraction numerator M R T squared over denominator capital delta H end fraction end style

K= Boiling Point Elavation Coefficient ; M = Molecular weight ; T= Boiling Point of the pure Solvent ; ΔH = Heat of Vaporization ;

begin mathsize 48px style p equals x p to the power of o end style

p= Vapour Pressure of an Ideal Solution ; x= Mole Fraction of Solvent ; po =Vapour Pressure of the Pure Solvent ; 

begin mathsize 36px style K subscript f. M space equals space T subscript 0 space minus space T subscript f end style

K=  Freezing Point Depression Coefficient ; M = Molarity of the solution (when solute is added) ; T0 = Freezing Point of the pure solvent; T= Freezing Point of the solution

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